16 Common Cushing Syndrome Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore

Cushing syndrome can be confusing because it often does not begin with one dramatic warning sign. It may start as weight gain around the belly, a rounder face, tired legs, poor sleep, mood changes, or bruises that appear too easily. At first, these changes can look like stress, aging, overeating, hormonal shifts, or simply a busy life catching up with the body. That is what makes it so easy to miss.

Cushing syndrome happens when the body is exposed to too much cortisol for too long. Cortisol is often called a “stress hormone,” but it does much more than respond to stress. It helps regulate blood pressure, blood sugar, inflammation, energy use, and immune response. When cortisol stays high over time, the body can begin changing in ways that feel strange, frustrating, and hard to explain.

Cushing syndrome is considered rare, but it may be underrecognized because its symptoms overlap with many common health concerns. Some estimates suggest Cushing syndrome affects only a small number of people each year, with reported incidence often ranging around 1.5 to 4.5 cases per million people per year. Other medical sources note that it is more often diagnosed in adults between 20 and 50, and it appears more commonly in women than men.

The important part is not to panic over one symptom. Weight changes, fatigue, acne, or mood swings can happen for many reasons. The concern grows when several signs appear together, especially with a round face, fat buildup around the upper back, purple stretch marks, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, irregular periods, or fragile skin that bruises easily. Long-term excess cortisol can affect the whole body, including the skin, bones, muscles, heart, metabolism, and emotional health.

Below, we’ll look at 16 common Cushing syndrome symptoms, so you can recognize possible patterns and know when changes deserve medical attention.

16 Common Symptoms of Cushing Syndrome

Central (Truncal) Obesity

Cortisol promotes the accumulation of visceral fat, which is fat stored deep within the abdominal cavity around the organs. This results in a disproportionately large trunk and abdomen, while the arms and legs may remain slender or even become thinner due to muscle wasting (another effect of high cortisol). This creates a stark contrast that is highly suggestive of the syndrome.

Moon Face (Facial Plethora)

The face becomes noticeably round, full, and sometimes reddish. This is caused by the redistribution of fat to the face and cheeks, as well as fluid retention. This change can be one of the most distressing for patients as it significantly alters their appearance, making them look puffy and swollen.

Buffalo Hump (Dorsocervical Fat Pad)

This refers to a pronounced lump of fat that develops on the back of the neck, between the shoulder blades. Like the other fat deposits, this is a direct result of cortisol redirecting fat storage to this specific area. While it can occur in other conditions associated with obesity, its prominence in Cushing Syndrome is a key diagnostic clue.

Purple Striae

Unlike the silvery or pale stretch marks common after pregnancy or rapid weight changes, the striae in Cushing Syndrome are typically wide (over 1 cm), deep, and have a reddish-purple color. They most often appear on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, and breasts. High cortisol levels cause the skin to become thin and fragile, breaking down protein structures like collagen. This fragility allows the underlying blood vessels to show through when the skin stretches, giving the striae their characteristic color.

Thin, Fragile Skin and Easy Bruising

Excess cortisol inhibits the production of collagen and other structural proteins that give skin its strength and elasticity. This leads to epidermal and dermal atrophy, making the skin perceptibly thinner and almost translucent. As a result, the small blood vessels just beneath the surface are less protected and can rupture easily from minor bumps or pressure, leading to frequent, large, and unexplained bruises (ecchymoses).

Poor Wound Healing

The same protein breakdown that thins the skin also impairs the body’s ability to repair itself. Wounds, cuts, and even surgical incisions may heal much more slowly than normal. This also increases the risk of skin infections, including acne and fungal infections, as the skin’s protective barrier is compromised.

Hirsutism and Virilization

In women, the adrenal glands may overproduce androgens (male hormones) along with cortisol, or the high cortisol itself can have androgenic effects. This leads to hirsutism, which is the growth of coarse, dark hair in a male-like pattern on the face (chin, upper lip), chest, back, and abdomen. In more severe cases, other signs of virilization may appear, such as a deepening of the voice and male-pattern baldness (thinning hair on the scalp).

Acne

The androgenic effects can also overstimulate the skin’s oil glands, leading to the development or worsening of acne, particularly on the face, chest, and back. This acne can be resistant to standard treatments.

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Excess cortisol increases blood pressure through multiple mechanisms. It heightens the sensitivity of blood vessels to hormones that cause constriction (like adrenaline), promotes sodium and water retention by the kidneys (acting like the hormone aldosterone), and can directly impact cardiovascular regulation. Uncontrolled hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.

High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia) and Diabetes

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid, meaning it raises blood glucose levels. It does this by stimulating the liver to produce more glucose (gluconeogenesis) and by causing insulin resistance, where the body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin. Over time, this chronic elevation of blood sugar can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes, with all its associated complications.

Muscle Weakness (Proximal Myopathy)

Cortisol has a catabolic effect on muscle tissue, breaking down protein for energy. This leads to progressive muscle wasting and weakness, which is typically most pronounced in the large muscles of the hips and shoulders (proximal muscles). Patients may find it difficult to stand up from a seated position, climb stairs, or lift their arms above their head.

Bone Loss (Osteoporosis)

High cortisol levels are devastating to bone health. The hormone directly inhibits the function of osteoblasts (bone-building cells) and stimulates osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells). It also reduces the absorption of calcium from the gut and increases calcium excretion by the kidneys. This combination leads to a rapid loss of bone density, resulting in osteoporosis and a very high risk of fractures, especially in the spine (vertebral compression fractures) and ribs.

Mood Instability and Irritability

One of the most frequently reported symptoms is emotional lability. Patients may experience unprovoked crying spells, sudden anger, or extreme irritability over minor issues. This occurs because cortisol dysregulates neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine, which are crucial for mood stabilization.

Depression and Anxiety

Clinical depression is very common, affecting over half of patients with Cushing Syndrome. Symptoms can range from mild sadness to severe, debilitating depression with suicidal thoughts. Similarly, anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety and panic attacks, are prevalent. Cortisol’s constant activation of the body’s “fight-or-flight” response keeps the nervous system in a state of high alert, contributing to feelings of dread and panic.

Cognitive Dysfunction

Many patients report significant cognitive issues, often referred to as “brain fog.” This includes problems with short-term memory, difficulty concentrating, and slowed mental processing. Research has shown that chronic high cortisol levels can cause atrophy (shrinkage) in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for learning and memory formation. This damage can sometimes be partially reversible once cortisol levels are normalized.

Sleep Disturbances

Cortisol plays a key role in the natural sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm). In healthy individuals, cortisol levels are lowest at night and peak in the early morning. In Cushing Syndrome, this rhythm is disrupted, and cortisol levels often remain high at night, leading to insomnia, frequent awakenings, and poor sleep quality, which further exacerbates fatigue and mood problems.

What is Cushing Syndrome?

Cushing Syndrome is a hormonal disorder originating in the endocrine system, which is characterized by the signs and symptoms resulting from prolonged exposure to an excess of the hormone cortisol. This condition disrupts a wide range of the body’s processes and can lead to serious, and sometimes life-threatening, health problems if left untreated.

Medical Definition of Cushing Syndrome

The medical definition of Cushing Syndrome is a collection of clinical signs and symptoms, a syndrome, that results from chronic exposure to excessive levels of glucocorticoids, most commonly cortisol. The term “syndrome” is key, as it indicates a group of features that consistently occur together. It is important to note that this definition is independent of the cause; whether the excess cortisol comes from medication taken externally or from a tumor inside the body, the resulting constellation of symptoms is referred to as Cushing Syndrome. This differentiates it from specific diseases that cause it, such as Cushing’s disease, which refers exclusively to a pituitary tumor causing the syndrome.

More specifically, the diagnosis is based on identifying this characteristic pattern of symptoms combined with biochemical tests that confirm hypercortisolism (excess cortisol). The syndrome affects multiple body systems because cortisol receptors are present on virtually every cell type in the human body. Its functions include regulating metabolism, suppressing the immune system, maintaining blood pressure, and helping the body respond to stress.

When these actions are amplified by chronically elevated levels of the hormone, it leads to the pathology seen in patients. The primary goal of medical intervention is to identify and treat the underlying source of the cortisol excess to normalize its levels and mitigate the symptoms. The severity of the syndrome can range from mild, with subtle symptoms, to severe and rapidly progressive, depending on the degree and duration of the cortisol overexposure.

Cushing Syndrome Is Not The Same as Having High Cortisol

No, Cushing syndrome is not the same as simply having high cortisol, although high cortisol is its root cause. The key distinction lies in the chronicity and the clinical result: Cushing syndrome refers to the specific constellation of signs and symptoms that develop from prolonged, pathological elevation of cortisol, distinguishing it from temporary, normal spikes in cortisol. Everyone experiences transient increases in cortisol levels as a natural physiological response to stress, illness, or even waking up in the morning. These temporary elevations are part of a healthy, functioning endocrine system and do not cause the syndrome.

To illustrate the difference, consider the body’s stress response. When faced with a stressful situation like a public speaking engagement or a physical injury the adrenal glands release a burst of cortisol. This helps the body manage the stress by increasing energy availability and reducing inflammation. Once the stressor is gone, cortisol levels return to normal. This is a temporary and beneficial process.

In contrast, Cushing syndrome occurs when cortisol levels remain consistently high for months or years. This unrelenting exposure overwhelms the body’s systems, leading to the breakdown of muscle and bone, redistribution of fat, and disruption of metabolic processes. Therefore, while high cortisol is the biochemical state, Cushing syndrome is the clinical diagnosis given when that state has persisted long enough to cause a recognizable pattern of disease. It is the long-term pathological consequence, not the temporary physiological state.

What are the Causes of Cushing Syndrome?

The causes of Cushing syndrome are divided into two main categories: exogenous, which are external causes, and endogenous, which are internal causes. The most common cause overall is exogenous, stemming from the use of glucocorticoid medications, while endogenous causes involve the body overproducing cortisol on its own due to tumors.

Taking Certain Medications

Taking certain medications is not only a cause but is the most common cause of Cushing Syndrome. This form is known as exogenous or iatrogenic Cushing Syndrome, and it results from long-term administration of high doses of synthetic glucocorticoid (corticosteroid) medications like prednisone, dexamethasone, or prednisolone.

These powerful drugs are prescribed to treat a wide variety of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, such as severe asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease, or to prevent organ rejection after a transplant. While highly effective at suppressing inflammation and the immune system, their chemical structure mimics the body’s own cortisol.

When taken at doses higher than what the body would normally produce, these medications create a state of hypercortisolism. The body’s systems cannot distinguish between naturally produced cortisol and the synthetic glucocorticoid, so they react in the same way, leading to the development of the classic Cushingoid features over time. The risk of developing the syndrome increases with both the dosage of the medication and the duration of the treatment. This is why physicians aim to use the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time.

When a patient develops iatrogenic Cushing Syndrome, treatment involves carefully and gradually tapering the corticosteroid dose under medical supervision. Abruptly stopping the medication can be dangerous, as the patient’s own adrenal glands will have stopped producing cortisol and need time to wake up and resume normal function.

The Body’s Internal Causes

The body’s internal, or endogenous, causes of Cushing Syndrome all involve the overproduction of cortisol due to a tumor and are much rarer than exogenous causes. They can be classified based on whether the problem originates from the pituitary gland or elsewhere. The three main types are Cushing’s disease (caused by a pituitary adenoma), adrenal tumors (benign or malignant), and ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors found outside the pituitary gland. Each of these has a distinct underlying pathology that leads to the same outcome of excess cortisol.

More specifically, Cushing’s disease is the most common form of endogenous Cushing syndrome, accounting for about 70% of cases. It is caused by a benign (non-cancerous) tumor, or adenoma, on the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. This tumor overproduces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn signals the adrenal glands (located on top of the kidneys) to produce and release excessive amounts of cortisol. The term “Cushing’s disease” is reserved specifically for cases caused by a pituitary tumor.

In adrenal tumors, the issue originates directly in one of the adrenal glands. A tumor, which can be a benign adenoma or, more rarely, a malignant adrenocortical carcinoma, starts producing cortisol independently of any signals from the pituitary’s ACTH. This is known as ACTH-independent Cushing Syndrome. The tumor essentially goes rogue, churning out high levels of cortisol continuously.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome is a rare and often aggressive form of the syndrome. In this case, a tumor located somewhere in the body outside of the pituitary gland produces ACTH. These tumors are often found in the lungs (such as small cell lung cancer), but can also be in the pancreas, thyroid, or thymus gland. This rogue ACTH then stimulates the adrenal glands to overproduce cortisol, just as it does in Cushing’s disease. This form can be particularly challenging to diagnose and treat because the primary tumor can be very small and difficult to locate.

Cushing Syndrome Diagnosis

The official diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome is a multi-step process designed first to confirm the presence of excess cortisol and then to pinpoint its source. Initially, a physician will conduct a thorough physical exam and review the patient’s medical history, including any use of corticosteroid medications. If suspicion remains high, several biochemical tests are employed to measure cortisol levels. No single test is perfect, so typically two or more are used for confirmation.

These primary tests include the 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) test, which measures the total amount of cortisol excreted in urine over a full day; the late-night salivary cortisol test, where saliva samples are collected at home around midnight when cortisol levels should naturally be at their lowest; and the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST), where a patient takes a small dose of a synthetic steroid called dexamethasone to see if it suppresses the body’s natural cortisol production as it would in a healthy individual.

If these tests confirm hypercortisolism (excess cortisol), the next phase of diagnosis begins: determining the cause. This involves tests to measure adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels and imaging studies. An MRI of the pituitary gland is often used to look for a tumor in cases of suspected Cushing’s Disease, while CT scans of the adrenal glands and chest/abdomen can help identify adrenal tumors or ectopic ACTH-producing tumors elsewhere in the body.

The Differences Between Cushing Syndrome and Other Conditions

Cushing Syndrome vs. Cushing’s Disease

Understanding the distinction between Cushing Syndrome and Cushing’s disease is crucial, as the terms are often used interchangeably but have specific medical meanings.

Cushing syndrome is the broad, umbrella term for the collection of signs and symptoms that arise from having excessively high levels of the hormone cortisol in the body for a prolonged period. This condition can stem from various sources. The most common cause is exogenous, meaning it comes from outside the body, typically from long-term use of high-dose corticosteroid medications. It can also be endogenous, meaning the body itself is overproducing cortisol due to a tumor.

Cushing’s disease, on the other hand, is a specific type and a major cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome. It is defined by the presence of a benign tumor, or adenoma, on the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. This pituitary tumor secretes an excess amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The surplus ACTH then relentlessly stimulates the adrenal glands (located on top of the kidneys) to produce and release too much cortisol. Therefore, every individual with Cushing’s disease has Cushing Syndrome, but not everyone with Cushing Syndrome has Cushing’s Disease, as their condition could be caused by an adrenal tumor, an ectopic ACTH-producing tumor elsewhere in the body, or corticosteroid medication.

Cushing Syndrome vs. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Cushing syndrome and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can be challenging to differentiate initially because they share a significant number of symptoms, leading to potential misdiagnosis. Both conditions can present with central weight gain (obesity concentrated in the abdomen), irregular or absent menstrual periods (amenorrhea), excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), acne, and thinning scalp hair. However, their underlying hormonal causes are fundamentally different.

The defining characteristic of Cushing syndrome is an excess of the stress hormone cortisol. In contrast, PCOS is primarily driven by an imbalance of reproductive hormones, specifically an excess of androgens (male hormones like testosterone) and often accompanied by insulin resistance. While women with Cushing Syndrome may have mildly elevated androgens, it is the hypercortisolism that causes the majority of their symptoms.

Several key features help distinguish the two: Cushing Syndrome is more likely to cause symptoms like a rounded “moon face,” a fat pad on the upper back (“buffalo hump”), thin skin that bruises easily, prominent purple or reddish stretch marks (striae), and significant muscle weakness (proximal myopathy). PCOS, conversely, is defined by the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries (as seen on an ultrasound) and is more directly linked to infertility.

The diagnostic pathways are also distinct; Cushing syndrome requires tests to confirm high cortisol levels, while PCOS is diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria, which focus on menstrual irregularity, clinical or biochemical signs of high androgens, and ovarian morphology.

Can Cushing Syndrome be Managed Long-term?

The prognosis for Cushing syndrome is generally favorable, and in many cases, it can be effectively managed long-term, but the approach and outcome depend entirely on the underlying cause. The primary goal of any treatment is to normalize cortisol levels in the body to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term complications like diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis.

For exogenous Cushing syndrome caused by corticosteroid medications, the cure involves a carefully managed, gradual tapering of the drug dose under strict medical supervision to allow the adrenal glands to resume their normal function. For endogenous causes, treatment is more invasive. If the cause is Cushing’s disease, the standard treatment is transsphenoidal surgery to remove the pituitary tumor, which has a high success rate. In cases where surgery isn’t fully effective or possible, radiation therapy or medications that inhibit cortisol production may be used.

For Cushing syndrome caused by an adrenal tumor, surgical removal of the affected adrenal gland (adrenalectomy) is the definitive treatment. If an ectopic ACTH-producing tumor is the culprit, the first-line treatment is to locate and surgically remove it. When the tumor cannot be found or removed, long-term management relies on medications to block the production or effects of cortisol. Even after a successful cure, recovery can be a lengthy process as the body readjusts, often requiring supportive care and continuous monitoring.

FAQs

1. How serious is Cushing’s disease?

Cushing’s disease is serious because it means the body has been exposed to too much cortisol for too long, usually because a pituitary tumor is producing too much ACTH. Cortisol affects blood pressure, blood sugar, immune function, bones, muscles, mood, and metabolism, so long-term excess can create widespread problems. Untreated Cushing syndrome can raise the risk of high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, blood clots, infections, bone loss, fractures, depression, memory problems, heart attack, and stroke.

The seriousness depends on how high cortisol levels are, how long symptoms have been present, and how quickly treatment begins. Some people improve after successful treatment, but recovery can take time because muscles, bones, weight, skin, mood, and energy may not return to normal overnight.

2. What age can Cushing’s start?

Cushing’s can start at almost any age, but Cushing’s disease is most often diagnosed in adults between ages 20 and 50. It is also reported more often in women than in men.

Children can develop Cushing syndrome too, although it is less common. In children, one clue may be weight gain while height growth slows down. Adults may notice a different pattern, such as weight gain around the belly and upper back, a rounder face, thin arms and legs, easy bruising, purple stretch marks, muscle weakness, irregular periods, or mood changes. Age alone cannot confirm or rule it out, so the pattern of symptoms matters more.

3. What is life expectancy with Cushing’s?

Life expectancy with Cushing’s varies widely. Some people do well after diagnosis and treatment, especially when cortisol levels are controlled and complications are managed. Others may face higher health risks if the condition remains untreated for a long time or if they develop complications involving the heart, blood vessels, blood sugar, bones, or infections.

The key point is that Cushing’s is not just a cosmetic or weight-related condition. Excess cortisol can affect major body systems. Untreated hypercortisolism may lead to life-threatening complications, especially cardiovascular disease, diabetes-related complications, blood clots, and infections. Early diagnosis, proper treatment, and long-term follow-up can make a meaningful difference.

4. Which patient is most likely to have Cushing’s disease?

Cushing’s disease is more likely in adult women, especially between ages 20 and 50. It is caused by a pituitary tumor that produces too much ACTH, which then tells the adrenal glands to make excess cortisol. Cushing’s disease is rare, affecting about 10 to 15 people per million each year.

A patient may raise suspicion for Cushing’s disease if several symptoms appear together. These can include a round face, fat buildup around the upper back, central weight gain, thin arms and legs, wide purple stretch marks, fragile skin, easy bruising, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, acne, irregular menstrual periods, or new facial hair growth in women. One symptom alone may have many causes, but a cluster deserves attention.

5. What organ is affected by Cushing’s disease?

Cushing’s disease begins with the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. In this condition, a pituitary tumor produces too much ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release too much cortisol. Among cases of Cushing syndrome not caused by glucocorticoid medicines, pituitary tumors that make excess ACTH account for about 8 out of 10 cases.

Even though the pituitary gland is the starting point, the effects are body-wide. The adrenal glands, skin, bones, muscles, heart, blood vessels, immune system, reproductive system, and brain can all be affected by prolonged high cortisol. That is why symptoms may show up in many different ways.

6. What famous person has Cushing’s?

Amy Schumer publicly shared in 2024 that she had been diagnosed with Cushing syndrome after people commented on changes in her appearance. Later reports noted that she described her weight loss and health changes as part of managing a serious condition rather than a cosmetic choice.

Her case drew attention because Cushing’s can change the face, weight distribution, energy, mood, blood pressure, and overall health. It also showed why public judgment about someone’s appearance can be harmful. Facial puffiness, weight gain, or body changes are not always lifestyle issues. Sometimes they reflect an underlying medical problem.

7. What are the final stages of Cushing’s disease?

Cushing’s disease is not usually described in “final stages” the way some cancers are. Instead, doctors focus on severity, cortisol levels, tumor behavior, complications, and treatment response. Advanced or untreated Cushing’s can become dangerous because long-term high cortisol can damage the body in many ways.

Severe complications may include uncontrolled high blood pressure, diabetes, serious infections, blood clots, weak bones, fractures, muscle wasting, mood disorders, memory problems, and increased cardiovascular risk. When people ask about “final stages,” they often mean what happens if it is not treated. The answer is that untreated Cushing’s can become life-threatening, but treatment may improve cortisol levels and reduce risks.

8. What is the best exercise for Cushing’s disease?

The best exercise depends on the person’s strength, bone health, fatigue level, balance, treatment stage, and doctor’s guidance. Many people with Cushing’s struggle with muscle weakness, weight gain, low stamina, and bone loss, so gentle, consistent movement is often safer than pushing hard too fast. Walking, light swimming, stationary cycling, stretching, balance work, and supervised resistance training may be helpful when tolerated.

Because Cushing’s can weaken muscles and bones, exercise should usually start slowly and increase step by step. Patient exercise guidance for Cushing’s emphasizes simple home exercises and rehabilitation-style movement, while osteoporosis-focused guidance often supports supervised strength, balance, and coordination work when fracture risk is a concern. Anyone with fractures, severe weakness, dizziness, uncontrolled blood pressure, or recent surgery should get individualized advice before starting.

Conclusion

Cushing syndrome can be difficult to recognize because its symptoms often look like common health problems at first. Weight gain, fatigue, mood changes, acne, high blood pressure, blood sugar changes, weak muscles, fragile skin, and irregular periods may be blamed on stress, aging, diet, or lack of rest. The concern becomes stronger when several symptoms appear together and slowly progress.

Awareness matters because prolonged excess cortisol can affect the entire body. It can weaken bones and muscles, raise cardiovascular risk, disrupt metabolism, increase infection risk, and affect emotional health. Cushing’s is rare, but it is serious enough that persistent, unusual body changes should not be ignored. Recognizing the warning signs early can help people seek proper testing, understand the cause, and receive treatment before complications become harder to manage. Any suspected symptoms, especially a cluster of classic signs, deserve medical attention and careful follow-up.

References

• National Institutes of Health  – Cushing’s Syndrome
• Healthdirect Australia Limited – Cushing’s syndrome
• Stanford University – Cushing’s Syndrome
• Endocrine Society – Cushing’s Syndrome and Cushing Disease
• Tampa General Hospital – Cushing’s Syndrome
• Penn Medicine – What is Cushing’s disease?
• Urology Care Foundation – What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
• Regents of the University of Michigan – Cushing’s Syndrome
• The Johns Hopkins University – Cushing’s Syndrome
• Oregon Health & Science University – Cushing Disease / Cushing Syndrome
• National Library of Medicine – Cushing’s Syndrome: Update on signs, symptoms and biochemical screening